chap+8

=Part 1=

The Road to World War I **Define**:

 * ethnic-** denoting or deriving from or distinctive of the ways of living built up by a group of people
 * conscription-** involuntary labor, especially military service, demanded by some established authority
 * alter-** change, make it change; cause a transformation
 * anticipate-** expect; regard something as probable or likely
 * behalf-** on someone's part
 * mobilization-** act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency

**Identify**:

 * Triple Alliance-** The military alliance among Germany, Austria–Hungary, and Italy that lasted from 1882 until the start of World War I in 1914.
 * Triple Entente-** The name given to the alliance between the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907.
 * Archduke Francis Ferdinand-** (18 December 1863 - 28 June 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
 * Gavrilo Princip- (**25 July 1894 ( 1894-07-25 ) **-** 28 April 1918 ( 1918-04-28 ) (aged 23)**)**was a Bosnian Serb patriot, associated with the freedom movement Mlada Bosna (Young Bosnia). Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.
 * Emperor William II-** (27 January 1859 – 4 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruling both the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 18 November 1918**.**
 * Czar Nicholas II-** (1868 – 17 July 1918) was the last Czar of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland.
 * General Alfred von Schlieffen-** (28 February 1833 – 4 January 1913) was a German field marshal and strategist who served as Chief of the Imperial German General Staff from 1891 to 1906. His name lived on in the 1905 Schlieffen Plan for the defeat of the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire.

**DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions as you read Section 1.**

 * 1. What did liberals believe about European states in the early nineteenth century? -** They believed if European states were organized along national lines, these states could create a peaceful Europe
 * 2. Name the two loose alliances of Europe’s great powers. -** Triple alliance & the triple Entente
 * 3. What did trade unions and Socialist parties do to achieve their goals? -** Used strikes, even violent ones.
 * 4. What did the large size of European armies make obvious? -** that if war did come, it would be highly destructive.
 * 5. What three things may have played a role in starting World War I? -** Militarism, Nationalism, and the desire to stifle internal dissent.
 * 6. Which country supported Serbia’s desire to create an independent Slavic state? -** Russia.
 * 7. What assassination instigated war between Serbia and Austria-Hungary? -** Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand
 * 8. What action of Russia prompted Germany to declare war? -** Russia ignored the German government when they said that it must halt its mobilization within 12 hours.
 * 9. What was Germany’s Schlieffen Plan? -** It was for the German army to make a vast encircling movement through Belgium into northern France.
 * 10. By what route did Germany invade France? -** Level coastal area of Belgium.
 * 11. For what official reason did Great Britain declare war on Germany? -** Violating Belgian neutrality.

=Part 2= The War

**Define**:

 * Propaganda-** I nformation, esp. of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.
 * Trench warfare-** A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facingeach other.
 * War of attrition-** A prolonged war or period of conflict during which each side seeks to gradually wear out the other by a series of small-scaleactions.
 * Suspend-** T emporarily prevent from continuing or being in force or effect.
 * Submission-** T he action or fact of accepting or yielding to a superior force or to the will or authority of another person.
 * Assure-** T ell someone something positively or confidently to dispel any doubts they may have.
 * Total war-** A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, esp. one in which the laws of war are disregarded.
 * Planned economies-** A n economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes aredetermined centrally by a government.
 * Identify**:
 * Lawrence of Arabia-** ( 16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) Lead a revolt against turkish
 * Admiral Holtzendorff-** (January 9, 1853 - June 7, 1919) German admiral. Famous for idea of "unrestricted submarine warfare"
 * Woodrow Wilson-** (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) 28th president of the United States. Most remembered for the fourteen points.


 * DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 2.**

Before 1914, many political leaders thought war in Europe could be (1) ** risky **. Government (2) ** propaganda ** had worked in stir- ring up national hatreds before the war. In August 1914, most people seemed genuinely convinced that their nation’s cause was (3) ** just **.

The German Schlieffen Plan called for the German army to sweep around (4) ** Belgium **and surround most of the French army. The German advance was halted at (5) **Marne**. The war quickly turned into a (6) ** stalemate **. The unexpected development of (7) ** trench warfare ** on the Western Front baffled military leaders. In 10 months at (8) ** Verdun **, France, in 1916, seven hundred thousand men lost their lives over a few miles of land. By the end of 1915 (9) ** airplanes ** began to be used to attack ground targets.

The Ottoman Empire came into the war on the side of (10) ** Germany **, prompting the Allies to declare war on them as well. By 1917, the war that had started in Europe had truly become a (11) ** world conflict **. The Allies took advantage of the war to seize German (12) ** colonies **in the rest of the world. The United States tried to remain neutral, but unrestricted (13) ** submarine ** warfare by the Germans brought America into the war in 1917. World War I affected the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, however remote they might be from the (14) ** battlefields **. (15) ** Authoritarian **regimes such as Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary relied on force to subdue their populations. In some countries, the role played by women in wartime economies had a (16) ** positive **impact on their social and political (17) ** structure **.

=Part 3= The Russian Revolution


 * Define**:
 * soviets**- a revolutionary council of workers or peasants in Russia before1917.
 * coincide**- occur at or during the same time
 * irrelevant**- not connected with or relevant to something.
 * war communism**- economic and political system that existed in the Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War, from 1918 to 1921.
 * Identify**:
 * Alexandra-** 6 June 1872 – 17 July 1918 was Empress consort of Russia
 * Grigori Rasputin-** 1869-1916 Russian mystic who is perceived as having influenced the latter days of the Russian Emperor Nicholas II
 * Alexander Kerensky-** 22 April 1881 – 11 June 1970 major political leader before and during the Russian Revolutions of 1917.
 * Bolsheviks-** majority faction in a crucial vote
 * V. I. Lenin-** 22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924 Russian Marxist revolutionary and communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917.
 * Leon Trotsky-** 7 November 1879–21 August 1940 Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist.

Questions I. Russia was ** XXXXX **for the total war of World War I. A. ** XXXXX **was increasingly cut off from events by his wife.
 * DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 3.**

B. In March 1917, a series of strikes led by working-class women , started in Petrograd. C. Nicholas ordered troops to break up crowds by **shooting** if necessary. D. A socialist group, the German Communist Party , represented the radical interests of lower classes.

II. The Bolsheviks were a **Marxist** party called the Russian Social Democrats. A. The Bolsheviks came under the leadership of V.I. **Lenin** 1. They became a party dedicated to Revolution. 2. “Peace, **Land**, Bread” summed up the Bolshevik program. B. On November 6, 1917, the Bolsheviks seized the **Winter Palace**. C. Real power stayed with the Council of People’s Commissars , headed by Lenin.

III. Many people were opposed to the Bolshevik or Communist regime. A. Allied forces gave **material aid** to anti-Communist forces. B. By 1920, major opposition to the Communists had been Defeated \. C. On July 16, 1918, soviets Murdered Czar Nicholas and his family.

IV. Lenin and the Communists **Triumphed** in the Civil War. A. Leon Trotsky organized a well-disciplined ** XXXXX **.

B. The Communists had a ** XXXXX **sense of purpose. C. Secret police began a ** XXXXX **aimed at crushing dissent.

=Part 4= End of the War

**Identify**:  **Erich von Ludendorff-** (  1865 – 20 December 1937) was a german military officer victor of liege, and, with paul Von Hindenberg, one of the victors of the battle of tannanberg. ** David Lloyd George- ** 1916–22. His coalition government wasthreatened by economic problems and trouble in Ireland. He resigned when the Conservatives withdrew their support in 1922.
 * Define**:
 * concentrate-** deal with one particular thing above all others
 * armistice-** an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certaintime; a truce.
 * consistent-** a period of time // : manufacturing processes require a consistent approach//
 * reparation-** the making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying money to or otherwise helping those who have been wronged
 * clause-** a unit of grammatical organization next below the sentence in rank andin traditional grammar said to consist of a subject and predicate.
 * mandate-** Law a commission by which a party is entrusted to perform a service, .without payment and with indemnity against loss by that party.
 * Friedrich Ebert-  ** (February 1871 – 28 February 1925) was a German politician of the social party of germany.
 * Georges Clemenceau- ** 1906–09 and 1917–20.At the Versailles peace talks hepushed hard for a punitive settlement with Germany, but failed to obtainall that he demanded.


 * DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 4.**

1. Allied ** offensives ** on the Western Front had been badly defeated. 2. The entry of the United States into the war in 1917 gave the Allies a much-needed ** psychological **boost. 3. The withdrawal of the Russians allowed Germany to concentrate on the ** Western Front ** 4. After William II’s departure, the ** Social Democrats **in Germany under Friedrich Ebert announced the creation of a democratic republic and signed an. 5. An attempt at revolution left the German middle class with a deep fear of ** communism **. 6. ** Rivalries **among the nations that succeeded Austria-Hungary would weaken eastern Europe for the next 80 years.

7. In January 1919, representatives of 27 victorious Allied nations met in ** Paris **to make a final settlement of the Great War. 8. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson portrayed World War I as a people’s war against “ ** absolutism **and ** militarism **.” 9. David Lloyd George, prime minister of ** Great Britain **, had a simple platform at the Peace Conference: make the Germans ** pay **. 10. President Wilson’s idea of creating a ** lasting peace **to prevent future wars was accepted after Wilson agreed to make compromises on ** territorial ** arrangements. 11. In the ** treaty **, Germany was ordered to pay reparations for all the dam- age to which the Allied nations had been subjected. 12. Both the German and Russian empires lost considerable ** territory ** and the Austro-Hungarian Empire ** disappeared ** altogether.