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=Part 1=

Unit 1 code, a system of words, letters, figures, or other symbols substituted forother words, letters, focus, the center of interest or  patriarchal, of, relating to, or characteristic of a patriarch pharaoh, a ruler in ancient Egypt. Judaism, the monotheistic religion of the Jews. monotheistic, the doctrine or belief that there is only one God. covenant, • Law a contract drawn up by deed. prophet, a person regarded as an inspired teacher or proclaimer of the will ofGod caste system, A **caste** is a combined social system of [|occupation], [|endogamy] , [|culture] ,[|social class] and [|political power] network, an arrangement of intersecting horizontal and vertical lines.
 * Define**: civilization,a term uses to describe specific stages of human social development.

• a complex system of roads, railroads, or other transportation routes Hinduism, a major religious and cultural tradition of the Indian subcontinent, developed from Vedic religion Buddhism, a widespread Asian religion or philosophy, founded by SiddarthaGautama in northeastern India in the 5th century bc. core, the tough central part of various fruits, containing the seeds Confucianism. a system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.

 #1 - What principle was a fundamental part of the Code of Hammurabi? eye for an eye.
 * 1) 2 - What was the Egyptian belief of “divine kingship?” Pharaoh is god.
 * 2) 3 - How was Judaism different from other Eastern religions? they it is a monotheistic religion.
 * 3) 4 - What was the caste system in India? 5 different classes of people, who stay separate.
 * 4) 5 - What gave Chinese rulers the right to rule and how could this right be lost? mandate of heaven. as soon as the people decide the ruler isn't the favorite of heaven.

Unit 2 polis, - ancient Greek city goal, - a state in which reaching a certain point is reaching success adult, - An **adult** is a [|human being] or [|living] [|organism] that is of relatively [|mature age], typically associated with [|sexual maturity] and the attainment of [|reproductive age]. tyrant, - a ruler who uses power unjustly democracy - such a government as the u.s. or canada oligarchy, - An **oligarchy** is a form of power structure in which [|power] effectively rests with a small segment of society distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, or military control.

 direct democracy, a system in which all citizens of a civilization vote to place their opinions and direct decisions. philosophy, - the rational investigation of truths and principles. Socratic method, - the use of questions to develop a latent idea foundation. - the basis of an idea or something that is founded.

 #1 - What were the three different types of residents in a polis? citizens with legal rights and no political rights, citizens with political rights and no legal rights, citizens with who choose to reside
 * 1) 2 - What is the Socratic method?
 * 2) 3 - Look at the three Greek Philosophers and BRIEFLY outline their ideas about government.

Unit 3
 * Unit 3 **


 * 1) ## republic- <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them
 * 2) patrician- <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">a person of noble or high rank; aristocrat
 * 3) plebeian- <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">belonging or pertaining to the common people
 * 4) Senate- <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">an assembly or council of citizens having the highest deliberative functions in a government, esp. a legislative assembly of a state or nation
 * 5) Christianity- <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">the Christian religion, including the Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox churches
 * 6) Catholic Church- <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">a visible society of baptized Christians professing the same faith under the authority of the invisible head (Christ) and the authority of the visible head (the pope and the bishops in communion with him).

Unit 4

Islam- the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah. grant- agree to give or allow feudalism- the dominant social system in medieval Europe common law- the part of English law that is derived from custom and judicial precedent rather than statutes. Magna Carta- a charter of liberty and political rights obtained from King John ofEngland confer- grant or bestow parliament- the highest legislature, consisting of the sovereign, theHouse of Lords, and the House of Commons Muhammad- Arab prophet and founder of Islam. In //c.// 610, in Mecca. Charlemagne- king of the Franks 768–814 and Holy Roman Emperor Middle Ages- the period of European history from the fall of the Roman Empire inthe West Edward I- son of Henry III; reigned 1272–1307; known as **the Hammer of the Scots**. Renaissance- the revival of art and literature under the influence of classical models in the 14th–16th centuries. Leonardo da Vinci- Italian painter, scientist, and engineer. Protestant Reformation- The **Protestant Reformation**, also called the **Protestant Revolt**, was the European<span style="background-image: none; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|Christian][|reform movement] Martin Luther- German theologian; the principal figure of the German Reformation.

Only 1 god which is allah. Largest religion, Religious practices the Five pillars of Islam, monotheistic. the [|Hajj] is the annual pilgrimage to mecca
 * 1) 1 - of the main characteristics of Islam.

Diagram - Spread of Islam, Renaissance, [|the reformation], Parliament, Feudalism

Common Religion
 * 1) 2 - How did Islam help to unite the regions of the Middle East?

Feudalism
 * 1) 3 - What system replaced centralized power in Europe in the Middle Ages?

Gave people a common sense of rule to follow
 * 1) 4 - What was the benefit of instituting the common law?

monasteries spread, kingdoms grew, Gothic churches were built, and the universities flourished
 * 1) 5 - What were some of the developments of the High Middle Ages?

It divided Europe into two religious worlds
 * 1) 6 - What was the effect of the Reformation on religious life in Europe?

Unit 2 Glorious revolution part 1


 * QUESTIONS**
 * 1) List the three great political events of the late 17th century- Glorious revolution american revolution and french revolution
 * 2) What principle did the Glorious Revolution introduce?-Ideas to the modern world
 * 3) What could happen to an individual who questioned a monarch?-they could be put to death
 * 4) What quote is attributed to King Louis XIV? What do you think he meant by saying it?-resistant from parliament

Part 2
 * 1) **Define**: philosophe, evidence, affect, deism, separation of powers, concept, social contract, laissez-faire, salon.
 * Identify**: Isaac Newton, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Adam Smith, Cesare Beccaria, Denis Diderot, Mary Wollstonecraft.

philosophe-strikt sense of term

evidence-Information gathered

affect-to make a difference

deism- belief in the existence of a supreme being

separation of powers- limits on people

concept-an abstract idea

social contract- an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits

laissez-faire- a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering

salon- an annual exhibition of the work of living artists held by the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture in Paris, originally in the Salon d'Apollon in the Louvre in 1667.

QUESTIONS QUESTIONS QUESTIONS **Identify**: Isaac Newton, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Adam Smith, Cesare Beccaria, Denis Diderot, Mary Wollstonecraft. isaac newton- **<span style="display: inline ! important; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Newton built the first practical [|reflecting telescope] <span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[7]] and developed a theory of [|colour] based on the observation that a [|prism] decomposes [|white] light into the many colours that form the [|visible spectrum]. He also formulated [|an empirical law of cooling] and studied the [|speed of sound]. ** voltaire- François-Marie Arouet **( French pronunciation: [|[fʁɑ̃swa maʁi aʁuˈwe]]  ; 21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), better known by the [|pen name] **Voltaire **( pronounced:  [|[volˈtɛʁ]]  ), was a [|French] [|Enlightenment] writer and [|philosopher] famous for his [|wit] and for his advocacy of [|civil liberties], including [|freedom of religion] and [|free trade]. Voltaire was a prolific writer and produced works in almost every [|literary] form including plays, [|poetry], [|novels] , [|essays] , historical and scientific works, more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and [|pamphlets]. He was an outspoken supporter of [|social reform], despite strict [|censorship] laws and harsh penalties for those who broke them. As a satirical [|polemicist], he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance, religious [|dogma] and the French institutions of his day.**
 * Who ruled England from 1485 to 1603?-land was governed by tutors**
 * Describe the "Act of Supremacy."-it hurt the people**
 * Why did Elizabeth have to work so hard on religious conflicts?-so people would believe in one beliefs**
 * List 5 issues that the puritans had and wanted corrected in the Anglican church?-the people the beliefs what they did and what they prayed for **
 * What was a major conflict between parliament and James I?-a war and enemies **
 * What event started the 11 year tyranny? What were the Years of the tyranny?-a gathering and a war **
 * When did the English Revolution begin?1688**
 * The english revolution was between what two groups? (list who each group supported)**
 * What was the reaction of Europe when Charles I was executed?nothing**
 * What was the "rump Parliament?"the kings law**
 * What was the "Exclusion Bill" and why was it passed? What were the results?peoples well being**
 * When did parlament offer the throne to William and Mary? What was the condition?1689**
 * What was the Toleration Act of 1689 and what did it do? (you may need to go to wikipedia)free public worship**
 * Who was John Locke and what did he write in his Two Treatises of Government?a english phelosphe**
 * Summarize Locke's Natural Rights/Social Contract theory. (Use wikipedia)the rights u are born with**
 * Which revolutions used Locke's ideas?all of them**

Voltaire was one of several Enlightenment figures (along with [|Montesquieu], [|John Locke] and [|Jean-Jacques Rousseau] ) whose works and ideas influenced important thinkers of both the [|American] and [|French Revolutions]. Montesquieu- François-Marie Arouet **( French pronunciation: [|[fʁɑ̃swa maʁi aʁuˈwe]]  ; 21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), better known by the [|pen name] **Voltaire **( pronounced:  [|[volˈtɛʁ]]  ), was a [|French] [|Enlightenment] writer and [|philosopher] famous for his [|wit] and for his advocacy of [|civil liberties], including [|freedom of religion] and [|free trade]. Voltaire was a prolific writer and produced works in almost every [|literary] form including plays, [|poetry], [|novels] , [|essays] , historical and scientific works, more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and [|pamphlets]. He was an outspoken supporter of [|social reform], despite strict [|censorship] laws and harsh penalties for those who broke them. As a satirical [|polemicist], he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance, religious [|dogma] and the French institutions of his day.**

Voltaire was one of several Enlightenment figures (along with [|Montesquieu], [|John Locke] and [|Jean-Jacques Rousseau] ) whose works and ideas influenced important thinkers of both the [|American] and [|French Revolutions]. rousseau- **<span style="display: inline ! important; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Rousseau also made important contributions to music as a theorist. During the period of the French Revolution, Rousseau was the most popular of the //philosophes// among members of the [|Jacobin Club]. He was interred as a national hero in the [|Panthéon] in Paris, in 1794, 16 years after his death. ** adam smith- **<span style="display: inline ! important; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Smith studied [|moral philosophy] at the [|University of Glasgow] and the [|University of Oxford]. After graduating, he delivered a successful series of public lectures at [|Edinburgh], leading him to collaborate with [|David Hume] during the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith obtained a professorship at [|Glasgow] teaching moral philosophy, and during this time he wrote and published //The Theory of Moral Sentiments//. In his later life, he took a tutoring position that allowed him to travel throughout [|Europe], where he met other intellectual leaders of his day. Smith returned home and spent the next ten years writing //The Wealth of Nations//, publishing it in 1776. He died in 1790. ** cesare Beccaria- **<span style="display: inline ! important; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">The Verri brothers and Beccaria started an important cultural reformist movement centered around their [|journal] //Il Pavone//, which ran from the summer of 1764 for about two years, and was inspired by [|Addison] and [|Steele's] literary magazine, // [|The Spectator] // and other such journals. //Il Pavone//represented an entirely new cultural moment in northern Italy. With their [|Enlightenment] rhetoric and their balance between topics of socio-political and literary interest, the anonymous contributors held the interest of the educated classes in [|Italy], introducing recent thought such as that of Voltaire and Diderot. ** denis Diderot- **<span style="display: inline ! important; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Diderot also contributed to literature, notably with // [|Jacques le fataliste et son maître] // (//Jacques the Fatalist and his Master//), which emulated [|Laurence Sterne] in challenging conventions regarding novels and their structure and content, while also examining philosophical ideas about [|free will]. Diderot is also known as the author of the dialogue, // [|Le Neveu de Rameau] // (//Rameau's Nephew//), upon which many articles and sermons about consumer desire have been based. His articles included many topics of the Enlightenment. ** mary Wollstonecraft- Until the late 20th century, Wollstonecraft's life, which encompassed several unconventional personal relationships, received more attention than her writing. After two ill-fated affairs, with [|Henry Fuseli] and [|Gilbert Imlay] (by whom she had a daughter, [|Fanny Imlay] ), Wollstonecraft married the philosopher [|William Godwin], one of the forefathers of the [|anarchist] movement. Wollstonecraft died at the age of thirty-eight, ten days after giving birth to her second daughter, leaving behind several unfinished manuscripts. Her daughter Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, later [|Mary Shelley], would become an accomplished writer herself.

Questions

7 - What is the difference between "affected" and "effected"? 8 - Why did Voltaire oppose the Catholic Church? it supported absolutism. 9 - Montesquieu was the first? Political Scientist. 10 - What were the three governments Montesquieu identified? 1)Republics suitable for small states,2)Despotism appropriate for large states.3)Monarchies ideal for moderate-sized states. 11 - Montesquieu thought there should be a " _ of powers" which means? Separation of powers,in which the executive,legislative, and judiciary placed limits and controls on each other. 12 - What american document has Montesquieu's ideas? The United states Constitution. 13 - How did Rousseau make a living in his early life? By holding odd jobs. 14 - Rousseau believed in a " contract". Social contract 15 - Under Rousseau's theory "the general will ___". represents what is best for the entire community 16 - What did Rousseau believe about education? Foster should not restrict childrens natural instincts. 17 - What did Rousseau think about the roll of women? Naturally different from men.They should learn obedience and nurturing skills so they could care for their husbands and children. 18 - Briefly describe the philosophes and the physiocrats? Philosophes wanted to use scientific methods on society, Physiocrats thought if everyone acted on there own self intrest everyone would wind up happy. 19 - According to smith, what were the three basic rolls of government? Protect the society from invasion, Keep canals and roads in good condition, and protect the city from it's self 20 - Briefly outline the effect of enlightenment thinking on punishments for crime? Sentence the criminals in a court and punishment were harsh to scare others because there police force was weak. 21 - What was a major weapon for philosophes, who wrote it, and when? It was an Encyclopedia written by Denis Diderot between 1751 and 1772. 22 - List the three main ways enlightenment ideas were spread? Magazines, News papers, and Salons 23 - Provide a basic biography of Marie-Therese de Geoffrin. **Marie Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin** (June 26, 1699 - October 6, 1777) has been referred to as one of the leading female figures in the <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|French Enlightenment]. From 1750-1777, Madame Geoffrin played host to many of the most influential <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|Philosophes] and <span style="background-image: none; background-position: 100% 50%; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|Encyclopédistes] of her time. 24 - Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and who was a major influence on him? Thomas Jefferson and a Major influence to him was John Locke. Ch 3 sec 1&2
 * 1)  What types of people made up the philosophes? Writers, Professors, Journalists, economists, Social Reformers ,Nobilty and Middle Men.
 * 2)  Name two heros of the enlightenment? Isac Newton and John Locke
 * 3)  What did John Lock say about people's mind when they were born? That their minds were blank
 * 4) Where was the enlightenment centered? Paris.
 * 5)  What were the major themes of the enlightenment? Reason,Natural Law, Hope and Progress. 6 - What was Voltaire's real name? Francois-Marie Arouet

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= **Part 1-** = = Vocabulary **Define:** = = ** estate- ** = = ** taille- ** = = ** consumer- ** = = ** bourgeoisie- ** = = ** exclusion- ** = = ** sans-culottes- ** =
 * everything you own; all of your assets (whether real property or personal property) and liabilities
 * extensive landed property (especially in the country) retained by the owner for his own use; "the family owned a large estate on Long Island"
 * estate of the realm: a major social class or order of persons regarded collectively as part of the body politic of the country (especially in the United Kingdom) and formerly possessing distinct political rights
 * The taille was a direct land tax on the French peasantry and non-nobles in Ancien Régime France. The tax was imposed on each household and based on how much land it held.
 * a person who uses goods or services
 * middle class: the social class between the lower and upper classes
 * the state of being excluded
 * exception: a deliberate act of omission; "with the exception of the children, everyone was told the news"
 * ejection: the act of forcing out someone or something; "the ejection of troublemakers by the police"; "the child's expulsion from school"
 * Sans-culottes (French for without knee-breeches) was a term created 1790 - 1792 by the French to describe the poorer members of the Third Estate, according to the dominant theory because they usually wore pantaloons (full-length trousers) instead of the fashionable knee-length culotte.


 * People and Events** Identify: Louis XVI, Tennis Court Oath, Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, Olympe de Gouges.

The Tennis Court Oath (French: serment du jeu de paume) was a pivotal event during the first days of the French Revolution. The Oath was a pledge signed by 576 out of the 577 members from the Third Estate during a meeting of the Estates General on 20 June 1789 in a tennis court.

Olympe de Gouges (7 May 1748 – 3 November 1793), born Marie Gouze, was a French playwright and political activist whose feminist and abolitionist writings reached a large audience.


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QUESTIONS 1 - What two events were witnessed by the world in 1789? The beginning of a new United States of America and the beginning of the French Revolution 2 - What did the French Revolution try to create? A new political order and a new social order. 3 - What was one of the most powerful ideas to come from the French Revolution? The idea that the people were the nation 4 - List and give the approximate size (population) of the Three Estates Clergy- 130,000 Nobles- 350,000 Everyone else- everyone else who is left out of the 27 million 5 - List how the third estate was divided The third estate was divided by vast differences in occupation, level of education and wealth. 6 - How were the bourgeoisie similar to the nobility? Both were drawn to the Enlightenment and disliked the rigid social system. 7 - What were some of the causes of the financial crisis facing France? Food shortages, rising food prices and lots of unemployment. 8 - When and where did the meeting of the Estates-General happen Opened at Versailles on May 5, 1789 9 - When was the National Assembly appointed? June 17, 1789 10 - What was the Bastile and what happened to it? It is an armory and prison in Paris. It was stormed in and dismantled by Parisian workers. 11 - Describe the Great Fear Peasant rebellions with a fear that the national assembly would be stopped by foreign armies. 12 - What happened on August 4, 1789? The National Assembly decided to abolish all legal privileges of the nobles and clergy. 13 - What were some of the ideas listed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man? All men were free and equal before the law, appointment to the public office should be based on talent, and that no group should be exempt from taxation. 14 - What was the reaction of women to exclusion? Furious, refused to accept this exclusion. But the National Assembly just put them down. 15 - Describe the events of October 5th A bunch of Persian woman marched to Versailles to yell at the king and tell him that their children are starving because The royals are eating all the bread. 16 - How did the National Assembly increase revenue? The king and queen returned to Paris to support The National Assembly. 17 - Describe the first constitution for France in 1791 It set up a limited monarchy. There was still a king, but now the Legislative Assembly would make the laws. 18 - Which empire threatened war unless the king was restored? Austria and Prussia. 19 - Outline the creation of the Paris commune in 1792 (you may need wikipedia). A city council fighting for the rights of the people. 20 - What groups in France in 1791 opposed the new order? Louis XVI (tried fleeing country), Nobility and Catholic Church (loss of power), and Austria (1792, declared war on France to support monarchy power)

= **Part 2-** = = **Vocabulary Define:** = = **faction-** = = **domestic-** = = **external-** = = **elector-** = = **coup d’état-** =
 * In politics, a political faction is a grouping of like-minded individuals, especially within a political organization, such as a political party, a trade union, or other group.
 * of concern to or concerning the internal affairs of a nation; "domestic issues such as tax rate and highway construction"
 * of or relating to the home; "domestic servant"; "domestic science"
 * a servant who is paid to perform menial tasks around the household
 * happening or arising or located outside or beyond some limits or especially surface; "the external auditory canal"; "external pressures"
 * coming from the outside; "extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photograph"; "relying upon an extraneous income"; "disdaining outside pressure groups"
 * from or between other countries; "external commerce"; "international trade"; "developing nations need outside help"
 * outward features; "he enjoyed the solemn externals of religion"
 * purely outward or superficial; "external composure"
 * voter: a citizen who has a legal right to vote
 * A coup d'état ( or /ku de.ta/) (plural: coups d'état), or coup for short (French for overthrow of the state), is the sudden unconstitutional deposition of a government, usually by a small government’s surrender; or the acquiescence of the populace and the non-participant military forces.

People and Events Identify: Georges Danton, Jean-Paul Marat, Jacobins, Committee of Public Safety, Maximilien Robespierre, Reign of Terror, the Directory.

Committee of Public Safety- created in April 1793 by the and then restructured in July 1793, formed the de facto executive government in France during the Reign of Terror (1793–1794), a stage of the French Revolution. It was set up to oversee the defence of the new republic against foreign attacks and internal rebellion.

Maximilien Robespierre- Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (IPA: [maksimiljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃swa maʁi izidɔʁ də ʁɔbɛspjɛʁ]; 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) is one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. He largely dominated the Committee of Public Safety and was instrumental in the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror, which ended with his arrest and execution in 1794.

Reign of Terror- (27 June 1793 – 27 July 1794), also known as The Terror (French: la Terreur) was a period of violence that occurred for one year and one month after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between rival political factions, theGirondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution."

the Directory-was a body of five Directors that held executive power in France following the Convention and preceding the Consulate. The period of this regime (2 November 1795 until 10 November 1799), commonly known as theDirectory (or Directoire) era, constitutes the second to last stage of the French Revolution.


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QUESTIONS 1 - What was the name of Marat's newspaper? L'Ami du Peuple "Friend of the People" 2 - What group was supposed to draft a new constitution but also governed the country? The National Convention 3 - What happened September 21 1792? The French National Convention votes to abolish France's monarchy. 4 - What were the two main factions in French politics Girondins and the Mountain. 5 - Describe the crisis of foreign affairs in 1792 and 1793 When Louis XVI was executed, the crowned heads of Europe were outraged. Austria and Prussia were already threatening to invade in the summer of 1792. Now, with the king’s execution, an informal coalition of Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Britain, and the Dutch Republic took up arms against France. The French armies began to fall back. 6 - Which group acted to protect France from "external" threats? The Committee of Public Safety 7 - How many people were killed during the revolution? 1,880 citizens 8 - Which cities was made an example of? Nantes and Paris 9 - What terms replaced "mister" and "madame"? “citizen” and “citizeness” 10 - What were some steps taken to control inflation? The committee tried to control the prices of essential goods like food, fuel, and clothing. 11 - Describe de-Christinization and what were some of the steps taken? The word saint was removed from street names, churches were pillaged and closed by revolutionary armies, and priests were encour- aged to marry. The adoption of a new calendar. Years would no longer be numbered from the birth of Christ but from September 22, 1792—the first day of the French Republic. The calen- dar contained 12 months. Each month consisted of three 10-day weeks, with the tenth day of each week a day of rest. 12 - Why did de-Christinization fail? France was still overwhelmingly Catholic. 13 - What document was issued August 23, 1793 decree for universal mobilization 14 - what was the difference between the French Revolutionary Army and other armies? This army was created by a people’s government. Its wars were people’s wars and it was over a million. 15 - What happened July 28, 1794 and why? Robespierre went to the guillotine because he wanted to continue the Reign of Terror. 16 - When "the Terror" ended what steps did the National Convention take? First, it restricted the power of the Committee of Public Safety. Next, churches were allowed to reopen. Finally, a brand-new constitution was created. 17 - How many people were eligible to elect the directory? 30,000 people 18 - What were two challenges the Directory faced First, like earlier governments, it had political enemies. Some people wanted to bring back the monarchy, while oth- ers plotted to create a more radical regime like Robes- pierre’s. Second, economic problems continued with no solution in sight. Finally, France was still conduct- ing an expensive war against foreign enemies. 19 - What did the Directory do in an effort to stay in power To stay in power, the Directory began to rely on the military, but one military leader turned on the government. In 1799, General Napoleon Bonaparte toppled the Directory in a coup d’état, a sudden overthrow of the government. 20 - Why was the government of the Directory unpopular?

It started a lot of wars therefore increasing taxes.

Part 1- Define: dynamic: Characterized by constantchange, activity, or progress
 * Vocabulary**

enclosure movement: During the Industrial Revolution, it was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm, which created a labor force as many people lost their homes.

capital: The most important city or town of a country or region, usually its seat of government and administrative center

entrepreneur: A person who organizes and operates a business orbusinesses.

cottage industry: <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">Small-scale industry that can be carried on at home by family members using their own equipment.

puddling: A small pool of liquid.

migrate: Move from one area or country to settle in another.

industrial capitalism: <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">The rise of industrial capitalism is an era important to the development of a modern system of public and private social welfare and social work. Subsistence and barter systems decreased as people entered the labour market in order to survive.

socialism: A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production.

Part 2- Vocabulary Define: conservatism- A political and social philosophy that promotes the maintenance of traditional institutions and supports, at the most, minimal and gradual change in society.

stability- The quality or attribute of being firm and steadfast

beneficial- Promoting or enhancing well-being

principle of intervention- Eventually, the great powers adopted a principle of intervention, which gave them the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones.

liberalism- A political orientation that favors social progress by reform and by changing laws rather than by revolution.

universal male suffrage- Consists of the extension of the right to vote to adult citizens (or subjects) as a whole, though it may also mean extending said right to minors and non-citizens.

multinational state- A sovereign state which is viewed as comprising two or more nations.

Part 3- Vocabulary Define: militarism- A political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

reliance- Certainty based on past experience.

levy- Impose and collect.

kaiser- The title of the Holy Roman Emperors or the emperors of Austria or of Germany until 1918.

plebiscite- A vote by the electorate determining public opinion on a question of national importance.

emancipation- Freeing someone from the control of another; especially a parent's relinquishing authority and control over a minor child.

successor- A person who follows next in order.

abolitionism- The doctrine that calls for the abolition of slavery.

secede- Withdraw from an organization or communion.

Part 4- Vocabulary Define: romanticism- Impractical romantic ideals and attitudes.

abandon- Give up with the intent of never claiming again.

secularization- Transfer of property from ecclesiastical to civil possession.

organic evolution- The sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms.

adapt- Make fit for, or change to suit a new purpose.

natural selection- The process by which traits become more or less common in a population due to consistent effects upon the survival or reproduction of their bearers. It is a key mechanism of evolution.

variation- An instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change.

controversy- A contentious speech act; a dispute where there is strong disagreement.

realism- The attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth.

**<span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">Part 1- ** Vocabulary
 * Define:**
 * dynamic: Characterized by constantchange, activity, or progress **

**enclosure movement: During the Industrial Revolution, it was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm, which created a labor force as many people lost their homes.**

**capital: The most important city or town of a country or region, usually its seat of government and administrative center **

**entrepreneur: A person who organizes and operates a business orbusinesses. **

**cottage industry: <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">Small-scale industry that can be carried on at home by family members using their own equipment. **

**puddling: A small pool of liquid. **

**migrate: Move from one area or country to settle in another. **

**industrial capitalism: <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">The rise of industrial capitalism is an era important to the development of a modern system of public and private social welfare and social work. Subsistence and barter systems decreased as people entered the labour market in order to survive. **

**socialism: A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production .**

**QUESTIONS**

Identify- James Watt, Robert Fulton.
 * 1) When and where did the Industrial Revolution begin? Britain
 * 2) What six factors contributed to the start of the Industrial Revolution? more food, population increased, Britain had a ready supply of money, Britain had plenty natural resources, Britain had a relatively free society, and the British had a ready market in their vast empire.
 * 3) What four inventions advanced the production of cotton cloth? Cotton mill, Cotton Gin, Spinning jenny, Power loom, Flying shuttl,. Spinning frame, and Steam Engine
 * 4) What effect did the steam engine have on the coal and iron industry? Steam engines were invented to help raise coal from mines. The railroad and the steamship widened the market, using coal and iron.
 * 5) What was the Rocket? The first steam powered Locomotive.
 * 6) Why did factories begin to require workers to work in shifts? Factories made workers work in shifts so they wouldn't get tired and just stop working. The shifts consist of 8 hours or more.
 * 7) What three countries were the first to be industrialized in continental Europe? Britain, France, Germany.
 * 8) What happened in 1853 that showed Japan the importance of industrial power? In 1853, the Industrial Revolution traveled to Japan in the form of a fleet of United States steamships sent to open the islands to trade.
 * 9) What change took place in the American labor force between 1800 and 1860? American workers began to work more and more in factories as opposed to learning specialized crafts as a whole.
 * 10) What two classes of people emerged in the European society of the Industrial Revolution? The middle class and working class saw growth during the Industrial Revolution, while the aristocracy shrank.

Part 2- Vocabulary Define: conservatism- A political and social philosophy that promotes the maintenance of traditional institutions and supports, at the most, minimal and gradual change in society.

stability- The quality or attribute of being firm and steadfast

beneficial- Promoting or enhancing well-being

principle of intervention- Eventually, the great powers adopted a principle of intervention, which gave them the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones.

liberalism- A political orientation that favors social progress by reform and by changing laws rather than by revolution.

universal male suffrage- Consists of the extension of the right to vote to adult citizens (or subjects) as a whole, though it may also mean extending said right to minors and non-citizens.

multinational state- A sovereign state which is viewed as comprising two or more nations.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">After the defeat of (1) Napoleon <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">, European rulers moved to restore the old order with (2) Great Britain <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">, (3) Austria <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">, (4) Prussia <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">, and (5)
 * Russia ** in power. This goal was addressed at the Congress of (6) ** Vienna ** in September 1814.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> The arrangements made at this Congress were a victory for rulers who wanted to contain the new forces unleashed during the (7)
 * Industrial ** Revolution. Their political philosophy, based on tradition and social stability, is known as (8) ** Conservatism **. The great powers assumed the right of intervention whereby they could send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to keep (9)
 * Monarchs **in power.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> Liberals believed in the protection of (10) ** Civil ** liberties, or the basic rights of all people. Most liberals favored a (11) ** limited ** monarchy in which a king must follow the law. They thought that the right to vote should be open only to people with (12) ** property **. These attitudes were (13) ** middle class ** attitudes.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> (14) ** Nationalism ** in the nineteenth century arose out of people’s awareness of being part of a community with common institutions. People with a common language and traditions began to feel that they were the (15) ** Nation **. (16) ** Dutch Republic ** feared the implications of such thinking and fought the forces of nationalism.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> Nationalistic/liberal thinking led to (17) ** Domination ** in the countries of Europe. The (18) ** monarch ** of France was finally overthrown in 1848. Cries for change led many German rulers to promise (19) ** constitution **, a free press, and jury trials. In Vienna, Austria, revolutionary forces took control of the (20) ** Capital ** and demanded a liberal constitution. Soon, however, the united front of moderate liberals and more radical nationalists throughout Europe was weakened by disagreements over their goals, and so (21)** Austrian ** forces were able to regain control <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">.

Identify- Congress of Vienna, Klemens von Metternich, Bill of Rights, Louis-Napoleon, German Confederation.

Part 3- Vocabulary Define: militarism- A political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

reliance- Certainty based on past experience.

levy- Impose and collect.

kaiser- The title of the Holy Roman Emperors or the emperors of Austria or of Germany until 1918.

plebiscite- A vote by the electorate determining public opinion on a question of national importance.

emancipation- Freeing someone from the control of another; especially a parent's relinquishing authority and control over a minor child.

successor- A person who follows next in order.

abolitionism- The doctrine that calls for the abolition of slavery.

secede- Withdraw from an organization or communion.

I. The Crimean War was the result of a struggle between ** xxxxx **and the ** xxxxx **. A. Russia was interested in expanding its power into the ** xxxxx **. B. Fearful of Russian power,** xxxxx **and ** xxxxx **declared war on Russia. C. The Crimean War destroyed the ** xxxxx **of Europe.

II. On March 17, 1861, King Victor ** xxxxx ** II proclaimed a new kingdom of Italy.

III. Under Bismarck, Prussia organized the Northern German states into a ** xxxxx **. A. In 1870,** xxxxx **armies defeated an entire French army and the French ruler. B. The southern German states agreed to enter the ** xxxxx ** German Confederation.

IV. By giving the ** xxxxx **class a voice in rule, Britain avoided revolution in 1848.

V. The French were defeated in a war with the ** xxxxx ** and the Second Napoleonic Empire fell.

VI. The ** xxxxx ** of1867created dual monarchies in Austria and Hungary.

VII. The ** xxxxx ** of Alexander II in 1881 returned Russia to the old methods of repression.

VIII. In December 1860, a South Carolina convention voted to ** xxxxx **, or withdraw, from the United States.

IX. The end of the American Civil War meant that the United States would be “one nation, ** xxxxx **.”

1.Russia and the ottoman empire 2.Eastern Europe 3.Britain and France 4.Old concert 5.Emmanuel 6.North German Confederation 7.Prussian 8.North 9.middle 10.Prussians 11.Compromise 12.Czar 13.secede 14.indivisible

Identify- Giuseppe Garibaldi, Otto von Bismarck, Queen Victoria, Czar Alexander II.

Part 4- Vocabulary Define: romanticism- Impractical romantic ideals and attitudes.

abandon- Give up with the intent of never claiming again.

secularization- Transfer of property from ecclesiastical to civil possession.

organic evolution- The sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms.

adapt- Make fit for, or change to suit a new purpose.

natural selection- The process by which traits become more or less common in a population due to consistent effects upon the survival or reproduction of their bearers. It is a key mechanism of evolution.

variation- An instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change.

controversy- A contentious speech act; a dispute where there is strong disagreement.

realism- The attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth.

1. The ** Romantics ** emphasized the feelings, emotion, and imagination of the individual artist or writer. 2. Many romantic writers in England lived during the early ** Industrial Revolution **, and they often expressed a horror of the conditions they saw. 3. Romantics loved to think about past ages, especially ** Medieval ** times. 4. The exotic and ** Unfamiliar ** also attracted many romantics. 5. Chilling examples of romantic literature are Mary Shelley’s ** Frankenstein ** in Britain and Edgar Allen Poe’s short stories of horror in the United States. 6. ** Woodsworth ** and other romantic poets believed science had reduced nature to a cold object of study. 7. Romantic artists believed art was a reflection of the artist’s inner ** feelings **. 8. Romantic trends also dominated ** music ** the first half of the nineteenth century. 9. ** Beethoven ** said, “I must write, for what weighs on my heart, I must express!” 10. In biology, Frenchman Louis Pasteur proposed the ** germ ** theory of disease. 11. In Great Britain, Michael Faraday put together a primitive generator that laid the foundation for the use of 12. Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, a theory that each kind of plant and animal had ** evolved ** over a long period of time. 13. Darwin’s ideas raised a storm of ** controversy **. 14. Literary realists wanted to write about ** ordinary ** characters from actual life rather than romantic heroes in exotic settings.
 * electric ** current.

Identify- Ludwig van Beethoven, Louis Pasteur, Charles Darwin, Charles Dickens.

=chap 5=

**Part 1-**
generator- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">engine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction
 * Vocabulary** Define:

transform- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">change or alter in form, appearance, or nature

assembly line- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">mechanical system in a factory whereby an article is conveyed through sites at which successive operations are performed on it

mass production- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">the production of large quantities of a standardized article (often using assembly line techniques)

emerge- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">come out into view, as from concealment

proletariat**-** <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">a term used to identify a lower social class; a member of such a class is proletarian. Originally it was identified as those people who had no wealth other than their sons. ...

dictatorship- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

revisionist- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">a Communist who tries to rewrite Marxism to justify a retreat from the revolutionary position

**Part 2-**
innovation: the action or process of innovating objective:<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">undistorted by emotion or personal bias feminism: the advocacy of women's rights on the grounds ofpolitical, social, and economic equality to men. literacy: the ability to read and write
 * Vocabulary** Define:

**Part 3-**

 * Vocabulary** Define:
 * ministerial responsibility**- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">is a constitutional convention in governments using the Westminster System that a cabinet minister bears the ultimate responsibility for the actions of their ministry or department.

crucial- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis

compensation- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">something (such as money) given or received as payment or reparation (as for a service or loss or injury)

Duma- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">a legislative body in the ruling assembly of Russia and of some other republics in the former USSR

**Part 4-**
psychoanalysis- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">a set of techniques for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders; based on the theories of Sigmund Freud
 * Vocabulary** Define:

Social Darwinism- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">is a pejorative term used in criticism of ideologies or ideas concerning their exploitation of concepts in biology and social sciences to artificially create political change that reduces the fertility of certain individuals, races, and subcultures

discrimination**-** <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice

pogrom- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">organized persecution of an ethnic group (especially Jews)

annually- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">without missing a year

modernism- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">genre of art and literature that makes a self-conscious break with previous genres

reinforce- make stronger