Chap+11

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= = = = = **PART ONE - PATHS TO WAR** =

Define: //labor-// a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages //demilitarized-// In military terms, a demilitarized zone (DMZ) is an area, usually the frontier or boundary between two or more military powers (or alliances), where military activity is not permitted, usually by peace treaty, armistice, or other bilateral or multilateral agreement. //appeasement-// The state of being appeased; the policy of giving in to demands in order to preserve the peace //achieve-// To carry on to a final close; to bring out into a perfected state; to accomplish; to perform; -- as, to achieve a feat, an exploit, an enterprise; To obtain, or gain, as the result of exertion; to succeed in gaining; to win; To obtain with a material thing as the aim; To finish; to kill. //conference-// a prearranged meeting for consultation or exchange of information or discussion //New Order-// New Order (Neuordnung. french: Ordre Nouveau) is the name used to denote the political, economic, and social system which the Nazis hoped to establish in Europe in the 1930s and 1940s. The establishment of the New Order was proclaimed by Adolf Hitler in 1940. //assume-// take to be the case or to be true; accept without verification or proof //sanction-// formal and explicit approval //Adolf Hitler-// Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party ( Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, abbreviated NSDAP), commonly known as the Nazi Party. //Benito Mussolini-// Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, KSMOM GCTE (29 July 1883 - 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism. //Joseph Stalin-// Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili in Georgian or Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili in Russian patronymic nomenclature; 18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee//.// //Chiang Kai-shek-// Chiang Kai-shek (but see Names below) (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a political and military leader of 20th century China. He was an influential member of the Kuomintang (KMT) and Sun Yat-sen's close ally.
 * Vocabulary**
 * People** Identify:


 * DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions as you read Section 1.**

- He demanded a part of neighboring Czechoslovakia
 * 1. Where did Hitler plan to find the land he felt he needed to make Germany a great power?**

- the Third Reich
 * 2. What was the name given to the Aryan racial state that Hitler thought would dominate Europe for a thousand years?**

- These steps were in direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles.
 * 3. When Hitler announced the creation of an air force, and expanded the German army, what agreement did he violate?**

- The Rome-Berlin Axis.
 * 4. What did Mussolini call the new alliance between Italy and Germany?**

- He boasted that the agreement meant “peace for our time.”
 * 5. What did Neville Chamberlain boast of when he returned to England from the conference in Munich in 1938?**

- He triumphantly declared that he would be known as the greatest German of them all.
 * 6. What did Hitler declare in Prague on March 15, 1939?**

- He signed the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact which meant that Germany and the Soviet Union would not attack each other but also meant the treaty gave Hitler the freedom to attack Poland. September 1, german forces invaded Poland.
 * 7. Name the act committed by German forces that prompted Britain and France to declare war on Hitler.**

- Because they had natural resources that Japan needed.
 * 8. Why did Japan seize Manchuria in 1931?**

- Japan assumed that the two countries would ultimately launch a joint attack on the Soviet Union and divide Soviet resources between them.
 * 9. Why did Japan begin to cooperate with Nazi Germany in the late 1930s?**

- Japan’s military leaders, guided by Hideki Tojo, decided to launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European colonies in Southeast Asia.
 * 10. How did Japan react when the United States threatened economic sanctions unless Japan returned to its borders of 1931?**

= **PART TWO - THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR II** =

Define: blitzkrieg- fight a quick and surprising war isolationism- Isolationism is term coined by British musician Kevin Martin,"The Wire 20," 2002, p. 47. used to describe a darker breed of ambient music that came to proeminence in the mid-1990s. neutrality- nonparticipation in a dispute or war indefinite- Without limit; forever, or until further notice; not definite; Vague or unclear; Undecided or uncertain partisan- a fervent and even militant proponent of something Identify: Franklin D. Roosevelt- Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945; ) was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. Douglas MacArthur- General of the Army Douglas MacArthur (January 26, 1880 - April 5, 1964) was an American general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army. He was a Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. Winston Churchill- Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, PC, FRS (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British politician known chiefly for his leadership of the United Kingdom during World War II. He served as Prime Minister from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. Harry S. Truman- Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953).
 * Vocabulary**
 * People**


 * DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 2.**

Hitler stunned Europe with the (1) ** speed ** and (2) ** efficiency ** of his attack on Poland. His (3) ** blitzkrieg, ** or “lightning war,” used panzer divisions supported by airplanes. Within four weeks, Poland had (4) ** surrendered **. At the beginning of August 1940, the German air force launched a major offensive against (5) ** Britain **. German planes bombed British (6) ** air and naval bases **, (7)** harbors **, (8) ** communication centers ** , and (9) ** war industries **. Hitler invaded the (10) ** Soviet Union ** on June 22, 1941. An early (11) ** winter ** and fierce Soviet (12) ** resistance **halted the German advance. On December 7, 1941, Japanese aircraft attacked the U.S. naval base at (13) ** Pearl Harbor ** in the Hawaiian Islands. The United States now joined with European nations and (14) ** Nationalist China ** in a combined effort to defeat Japan. (15) ** Germany ** and the United States were at war four days after the Pearl Harbor attack. At the beginning of 1943, the Allies, Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union, agreed to fight until the Axis powers, Germany, Italy, and Japan, sur- rendered (16) ** unconditionally **. By the fall of 1942, the war had turned (17) ** against ** the Germans. On June 6, 1944, Allied forces under U.S. general Dwight D. Eisenhower landed on the (18) ** Normandy ** beaches in history’s greatest naval invasion. Hitler committed (19)** suicide ** on April 30, 1945, and German commanders surrendered on May 7. In Asia, U.S. President Harry S Truman made the difficult decision to use (20) ** atomic ** weapons against Japan and avoid an invasion of Japan. After the bombing of (21)** Hiroshima ** and (22) ** Nagasaki **, Japan surrendered on August 14, 1945.

= **PART THREE - THE NEW ORDER AND THE HOLOCAUST** =

Define: implement- apply in a manner consistent with its purpose or design genocide- systematic killing of a racial or cultural group adjust- alter or regulate so as to achieve accuracy or conform to a standard collaborator- confederate: someone who assists in a plot Identify: Heinrich Himmler- Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was considered one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany. Himmler served as Chief of the German Police and Minister of the Interior. Reinhard Heydrich- Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich (7 March 1904 – 4 June 1942) was a high German Nazi official. He was SS-Obergruppenführer (General) and General der Polizei, chief of the Reich Main Security Office (including the Gestapo, SD and Kripo Nazi police agencies) and Stellvertretender Reichsprotektor
 * Vocabulary**
 * People**


 * DIRECTIONS: Complete the outline below as you read Section 3.**

I. In 1942, the Nazi regime stretched from the ** English Channel ** to ** the outskirts of Moscow **. A. ** Heinrich Himmler ** moved Slavic people in the East and replaced them with ** Germans **

B. By summer, 1944, seven million Europeans were ** forced **

to work for the Nazis.

II. The Final Solution in Hitler’s Europe was ** genocide ** of the Jewish people. A. The Einsatzgruppen were SS death squads whose job was to kill Jews by mass murder.

B. Six ** extermination ** centers were built in Poland for mass executions of Jews. C. The Germans killed between five and six ** million **Jews.

D. The mass slaughter of European civilians, especially Jews, is called the ** Holocaust **. E. Many children were evacuated from cities to avoid the ** bombing ** campaigns. 1. The Germans created 9,000 camps for children in the ** countryside **. 2. In Japan, 15,000 children were evacuated from ** Hiroshima ** before its destruction.

III. The Japanese conquered Southeast Asia under the slogan **" Asia for the Asiatics. ”** A. Economic ** recourses ** of the colonies were used for the Japanese war machine. B. Indonesians were required to bow in the direction of ** Tokyo **.

C. Over 12,000 Allied prisoners of war and 90,000 workers died while working on the ** Burma-Thailand ** railway.

= **PART 4 - THE HOME FRONT AND THE AFTERMATH OF THE WAR** =

Vocabulary People and Event**s**
 * Define:**
 * //mobilization-// act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency**
 * //impact-// impingement: influencing strongly**
 * //kamikaze-// a fighter plane used for suicide missions by Japanese pilots in World War II**
 * //alternative-// necessitating a choice between mutually exclusive possibilities**
 * //Cold War-// The Cold War (Холо́дная война́) (1947-1991) was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition existing after World War II (1939-1945), primarily between the USSR and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world**
 * Identify:**
 * //Albert Speer-// Albert Speer (born Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer, (March 19, 1905 – September 1, 1981) was a German architect who was, for part of World War II, Minister of Armaments and War Production for the Third Reich. Speer was Adolf Hitler's chief architect before assuming ministerial office.**
 * //General Hideki Tojo-// Hideki Tōjō (Kyūjitai: 東條 英機; Shinjitai: 東条 英機; ) (30 December 1884 23 December 1948) was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, member and succeeding leader of the Taisei Yokusankai and the 40th Prime Minister of Japan during much of World War II, from 18 October 1941 to 22 July 1944.**


 * DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 4.**

1. Even more than World War I, World War II was a ** total ** war in which fighting was much more widespread and covered most of the world. 2. Eventually the United States became the ** arsenal ** of the Allied powers, producing much of the military equipment needed by the Allies. 3. Over a million ** African Americans ** moved from the rural South in the United States, to the cities of the North and West, looking for jobs in industry. 4. On the West Coast, 110,000 ** Japanese Americans **were removed to camps and required to take loyalty oaths. 5. Hitler refused to cut ** consumer goods ** production or to increase production of ** armaments **during the first two years of the war. 6. Young Japanese were encouraged to volunteer to serve as pilots in ** suicide ** missions against U.S. fighting ships at sea. 7. The first sustained use of ** civilian ** bombing began in early September 1940, as Londoners took the first heavy blows from the German air force. 8. The ferocious bombing of Dresden created a ** firestorm ** that may have killed as many as 100,000 inhabitants and refugees. 9. Fearing high U.S. casualties in a land invasion of Japan, President Truman and his advisers decided to drop the atomic bomb on ** Hiroshima ** and ** Nagasaki **in August 1945. 10. At the Tehran Conference, the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain agreed to a ** partition ** of postwar Germany. 11. ** Stalin **said, “A freely elected government in any of these East European countries would be anti-Soviet, and that we cannot allow.” 12. In March 1946, the former British prime minister Winston Churchill declared that ** "an iron curtain" ** had descended across the continent of Europe. 13. While many in the West thought Soviet policy was part of a global ** Communist ** conspiracy, the Soviets viewed Western, and especially American, policy as nothing less than global capitalist ** expansionism **.