chap12


 * PART ONE - DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLD WAR**

__**Vocabulary Define:**__ //aid-// help: give help or assistance; be of service //satellite state-// A satellite state (sometimes referred to as a client state) is a political term that refers to a country which is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country. //policy of containment-// Containment was a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to temper the spread of Communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect". //occupy-// busy: keep busy with //creation-// an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone //arms race-// The term arms race, in its original usage, describes a competition between two or more parties for real or apparent military supremacy. Each party competes to produce larger numbers of weapons, greater armies, or superior military technology in a technological escalation. //deterrence-//Deterrence is often contrasted with retributivism, which holds that punishment is a necessary consequence of a crime and should be calculated based on the gravity of the wrong done. //administration-// a method of tending to or managing the affairs of a some group of people //communications-// Communication is a process of transferring information from one entity to another. Communication processes are sign-mediated interactions between at least two agents which share a repertoire of signs and semiotic rules. //domino theory-// the political theory that if one nation comes under communist control then neighboring nations will also come under communist control __**People and Events Identify:**__ //Truman Doctrine-// President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology //Dean Acheson-// Dean Gooderham Acheson (April 11, 1893 - October 12, 1971) was an American statesman and lawyer; as United States Secretary of State in the administration of President Harry S. Truman during 1949–1953, he played a central role in defining American foreign policy during the Cold War. //Marshall Plan-// The Marshall Plan (from its enactment, officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the primary program, 1948–51, of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Western Europe, and repelling the threat of internal communism //NATO-// North Atlantic Treaty Organization: an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security //Warsaw Pact-// The Warsaw Treaty (1955–91) is the informal name for the mutual defense Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance commonly known as the Warsaw Pact subscribed by eight communist states in Eastern Europe, which was established at the USSR’s initiative and realised on 14 May 1955 //SEATO-// The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was an international organization for collective defense which was signed on September 8, 1954. The formal institution of SEATO was established at a meeting of treaty partners in Bangkok in February 1955. //CENTO-// The Central Treaty Organization (also referred to as CENTO, original name was Middle East Treaty Organization or METO, also known as the Baghdad Pact) was adopted in 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. It was dissolved in 1979. //Nikita Khrushchev-// Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 15, 1894 – September 11, 1971) was a Soviet politician during the Cold War era. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964.

__**DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions as you read Section 1.**__

China becomes communist, USSR detonates their first atomic bomb**.** **7. What did the member nations of NATO agree to do?** provide mutual help if any one of them was attacked When The Communist N. Korean Government allied with the Soviets to take over S. Korea SEATO (SouthEast Asia Treaty Organization) By creating the Berlin Wall The Cuban Missile Crisis The theory that if Northern Vietnam Controlled Southern Vietnam, All southeast Asia will fall to them.
 * 1. How did Stalin and the capitalist West regard each other after World War II?** The two countries, the soviet union and the U.S. had two drastically different governments. First, socialism is about collective property owned by the government. While, capitalism is based on individual profit; these two systems are very opposing. At the peace talks after the European WWII . Stalin was making fun of all the modern appliances the U.S. owned; Harry S. Truman refuted that another modern invention was being made, the nuclear bomb. The U.S., a couple days later, dropped the first bomb on Japan, Hiroshima. Stalin considered that a threat and in 1953, Stalin had nuclear weapons . This all fueled the cold war, a war of ideological, economic, and political difficulties.
 * 2. What did the United States and Great Britain believe should happen with the liberated nations of Eastern Europe?** become mandates of the Allies because there were growing tensions between the US, UK and the Soviet Union.
 * 3. After freeing Eastern Europe from the Nazis, what course of action did the Soviet army follow?** The soviet army planned to stay in conquered areas
 * 4. What was the Truman Doctrine?** The Truman Doctrine was an attempt to check Soviet expansion into Turkey and Greece. The Truman Doctrine granted aid to anticommunist forces in those nations. Congress approved $250 million for Greece and $150 million for Turkey and promised assistance to other nations threatened "by armed minorities or by outside pressure."
 * 5. Describe the program known as the Marshall Plan.** the large-scale economic program, 1947–1951, of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Europe. The initiative was named after Secretary of State George Marshal l and was largely the creation of State Department officials, especially William L. Clayton and George F. Kennan. Marshall spoke of urgent need to help the European recovery in his address at Harvard University in June 1947.
 * 6. What two events in 1949 caused great fear in the United States?**
 * 8. How did the Korean War begin in 1950?**
 * 9. What organization was formed to stem Soviet aggression in the East?**
 * 10. How did Nikita Khrushchev seek to stop the flow of refugees out of East Germany to West Berlin?**
 * 11. Name the event in 1962 that brought the world close to nuclear war.**
 * 12. What was the “domino theory”?**

PART TWO - THE SOVIET UNION AND EASTERN EUROPE

__**Vocabulary Define:**__ //heavy industry-// Heavy industry does not have a single fixed meaning as compared to light industry. It can mean production of products which are either heavy in weight or in the processes leading to their production. //conform-// adjust: adapt or conform oneself to new or different conditions //Desalinization-// desalinization: social process of neutralizing the influence of Joseph Stalin by revising his policies and removing monuments dedicated to him and renaming places named in his honor //symbol-// an arbitrary sign (written or printed) that has acquired a conventional significance __**People Identify:**__ //Alexander Solzhenitsyn-// Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn ( Алекса́ндр Иса́евич Солжени́цын, ) (December 11, 1918 – August 3, 2008), Gazeta.ru (Russian) was a Soviet and Russian novelist, dramatist, and historian. //Tito-// Josip Broz Tito ; 7 or 25 May 1892 – 4 May 1980) was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman. He was Secretary-General (later President) of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939–80), and went on to lead the World War II Yugoslav resistance movement, the Yugoslav Partisans (1941–45). //Imre Nagy-// Imre Nagy (born February 21, 1933) is a Hungarian modern pentathlete and Olympic champion. He participated on the Hungarian team that won the gold medals at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, and he also received an individual silver medal at the event. database Olympics. //Alexander// Dubček//-// Alexander Dubček (27 November 1921 – 7 November 1992) was a Slovak politician and briefly leader of Czechoslovakia (1968–1969), famous for his attempt to reform the Communist regime (Prague Spring).


 * DIRECTIONS: Complete the outline below as you read Section 2.**

VI. ** Stalin ** remained the undisputed ** master ** of the Soviet Union after World War II. A. By 1950, Russian ** industrial ** production had surpassed pre-war levels. B. The Soviet people were with few consumer goods. C. Stalin’s suspicions added to the increasing ** repres- sion ** of his regime.

II. Nikita Khrushchev emerged as chief Soviet ** politician. ** . A. Khrushchev condemned Stalin for his ** administrative violence **, ** mass repression, **, and ** terror **.

B. Government controls on ** literary ** works were loosened. C. Failed ** U.S. ** policies along with increased ** military **spending hurt the economy.

III. By the end of the war, Soviet ** military forces **occupied most of Eastern Europe.

A. The Eastern European satellite states followed ** Soviet ** example. B. Communism did not develop deep ** roots ** among the people of Eastern Europe. C. The Soviet Union made it clear that no satellite states would become ** independent ** of Soviet control. 1. In spite of reforms in 1956, Poland pledged to remain loyal to the ** Warsaw Pact ** . 2. As Hungary declared itself a ** free nation ** in 1956, the Soviet Army attacked Budapest. 3. Alexander Dubc ̆ek in Czechoslovakia hoped to create ** “social- ism with a human face.” **. 4. The Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia in August 1968 and crushed the ** reform ** movement.

PART THREE - WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA

__**Vocabulary Define:**__ //welfare state-// a government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation //role-// function: the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group //bloc-// a group of countries in special alliance //real wages-// The term real wages refers to wages that have been adjusted for inflation. This term is used in contrast to nominal wages or unadjusted wages. //civil rights movement-// The Civil Rights Movement was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980. It was accompanied by much civil unrest and popular rebellion. //consumer society-// Consumerism is a social and economic order that is based on the systematic creation and fostering of a desire to purchase commodity goods in ever greater amounts. //women’s liberation movement-// The women's liberation movement should not be taken to be synonymous with feminism: the women's liberation movement, or WLM, was a feminist movement, but not all feminists have been in the WLM. This is because it was a specific historical movement. //publish-// prepare and issue for public distribution or sale __**People and Events Identify:**__ //Charles de Gaulle-// Charles de Gaulle (born 25 September 1948 in Dijon) is a French politician. He is a grandson of General Charles de Gaulle, and served as a member of the European Parliament, from 1994 to 2004 (as a member of the Movement for France). //European Economic Community-// The European Economic Community (EEC) (also referred to as simply the European Community, or the Common Market in the English-speaking world) was an international organization that existed between 1958 and 1993 which was created to bring about economic integration //John F. Kennedy-// John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. //Martin Luther King-// **Martin Luther King, Jr.**, (January 15, 1929-April 4, 1968) was born Michael Luther King, Jr., but later had his name changed to Martin. His grandfather began the family's long tenure as pastors of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, serving from 1914 to 1931; his father has served from then until the present, and from 1960 until his death Martin Luther acted as co-pastor. //Martin Luther King// //Jr.-// Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the African-American civil rights movement. //Simone de Beauvoir-// Simone-Ernestine-Lucie-Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir, often shortened to Simone de Beauvoir, January 9, 1908 – April 14, 1986), was a French existentialist philosopher, public intellectual, and social theorist. She wrote novels, essays, biographies, an autobiography in several volumes, and monographs on philosophy, politics, and social issues.


 * DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 3.**

1. By 1950, ** industrial ** output in Europe was 30 percent above prewar levels. 2. This ** economic ** recovery continued well into the 1950s and 1960s. 3. One man—the war hero ** Charles de Gaulle **, dominated the history of France for nearly a quarter of a century after the war. 4. Under ** Adenauer **, West Germany experienced an “economic miracle.” 5. An economic ** downturn ** in the mid-1960s opened the door to the Social Democratic Party. 6. Under Clement Attlee, the new Prime Minister, the British Labour government set out to create a modern ** welfare state **. 7. In 1957, six Western European countries signed the Rome Treaty and created the ** Common Market ** 8. The ideals of Franklin Roosevelt’s ** New Deal ** largely determined the patterns of American domestic politics. 9. Cold War struggles abroad led to the widespread fear that Communists had ** infiltrated ** the United States. 10. Thousands of American soldiers were sent to ** Korea ** to fight and die in a war against Communist aggression. 11. The civil rights movement had its beginnings in 1954, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racial** segregation ** in public schools was illegal. 12. With Richard Nixon’s election in 1968, a shift to the political ** right ** in American politics began.